{"id":30159,"date":"2026-05-27T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/?p=30159"},"modified":"2026-05-26T13:34:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T11:34:16","slug":"pedestrian-evacuation-simulation-viswalk-high-occupancy-buildings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/user-insights\/pedestrian-evacuation-simulation-viswalk-high-occupancy-buildings\/","title":{"rendered":"Pedestrian evacuation simulation from high-occupancy buildings"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-table-of-contents yoast-table-of-contents\"><h2>Table of contents<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#h-why-pedestrian-evacuation-simulation\" data-level=\"2\">Why pedestrian evacuation simulation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-the-case-study\" data-level=\"2\">The case study<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-behavior-and-calibration\" data-level=\"2\">Behavior and calibration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-calibration-workflow\" data-level=\"2\">Calibration workflow<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-step-1-sample-uncertainty-lhs\" data-level=\"3\">Step 1: Sample uncertainty (LHS)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-step-2-group-scenarios-k-means\" data-level=\"3\">Step 2: Group scenarios (K-means)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-results\" data-level=\"2\">Results<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-sensitivity\" data-level=\"2\">Sensitivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-how-to-apply\" data-level=\"2\">How to apply<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-conclusion\" data-level=\"2\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Pedestrian evacuation simulation helps you stress-test egress performance in high-occupancy buildings before an incident forces you to rely on assumptions. In an emergency, you may have only minutes to move hundreds or thousands of people through constrained routes, often across multiple floors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In our work at <a href=\"https:\/\/jidpus.buet.ac.bd\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BUET-JIDPUS<\/a>, we regularly see evacuation plans that look reasonable on paper but become unrealistic once density, stairs, obstacles, and human behavior are considered together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is why we used pedestrian evacuation simulation in PTV Viswalk to estimate evacuation performance for a 5-storey ready-made garments (RMG) factory in Bangladesh with about 1,000 occupants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article focuses on what practitioners can reuse, including model setup, behavioral uncertainty, and how to communicate results defensibly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The article is based on the research paper \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsaifulamin.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2025%2F06%2Fnnc5.pdf&amp;data=05%7C02%7Csagi.or%40ptvgroup.com%7Cf22e33e014714eced2d408de95a44d84%7C5dad80bcd6fc49b69db6d3a7c77f5873%7C0%7C0%7C639112730273064763%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=A2VeYRiACzi2mkhPZ6HcNbCPGnoljPm8ptY%2B6EkoHgQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Viswalk microsimulation\u2011Based Evacuation Modeling of a Critical Infrastructure: A Social Force Model Approach<\/em><\/a><em>\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a222509584a5&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a222509584a5\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"687\" height=\"704\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA0_small.png\" alt=\"Evacuation planning in high-occupancy buildings\" class=\"wp-image-30518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA0_small.png 687w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA0_small-351x360.png 351w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA0_small-609x624.png 609w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA0_small-195x200.png 195w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Why evacuation planning is hard<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-pedestrian-evacuation-simulation\"><strong>Why pedestrian evacuation simulation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A pedestrian evacuation simulation is most valuable when it produces outputs you can act on, not just a single time value. You can use it to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Identify which assumptions drive uncertainty<\/strong>, so you know what to validate, what to test in scenarios, and what to communicate clearly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Check egress capacity under stress<\/strong> and see whether evacuation performance is plausible for your building layout.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Compare design and operational options<\/strong> before <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/modeling-planning\/pedestrian-simulations-times-square\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">investing in physical changes<\/a>, for example doors, stairs, obstacle clearance, or staging procedures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a22250958ced&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a22250958ced\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA1_small.png\" alt=\"Pedestrian evacuation simulation objectives\" class=\"wp-image-30512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA1_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA1_small-640x296.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA1_small-768x356.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA1_small-300x139.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">What this workflow delivers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-case-study\"><strong>The case study<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We built a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptvgroup.com\/en\/resources\/success-stories\/eth-sbb-switzerland-ptv-viswalk-success-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PTV Viswalk microsimulation model<\/a> of a 5-storey RMG factory to replicate the internal environment and movement constraints under emergency egress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Core setup choices (replicable):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Obstacles:<\/strong> machinery represented as blockages, because they affect route capacity and queue formation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Occupancy:<\/strong> 1,000 pedestrians, aligned with the approximate facility capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Egress:<\/strong> stairs only, lifts excluded because they are typically shut down or risky during events such as fire or earthquake.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a22250959546&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a22250959546\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"637\" height=\"417\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA2_small.png\" alt=\"PTV Viswalk factory layout with obstacles\" class=\"wp-image-30514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA2_small.png 637w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA2_small-550x360.png 550w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA2_small-300x196.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Factory layout and obstacles in PTV Viswalk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a22250959ab4&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a22250959ab4\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"684\" height=\"345\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA3_small.png\" alt=\"3D PTV Viswalk evacuation model\" class=\"wp-image-30516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA3_small.png 684w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA3_small-640x323.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA3_small-300x151.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">3D view of evacuation model constraints<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>These details matter because evacuation performance is often dominated by local constraints, for example stair access, turns, merges, and pinch points near obstacles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-behavior-and-calibration\"><strong>Behavior and calibration<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095a079&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095a079\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA4_small2.png\" alt=\"PTV Viswalk Social Force Model\" class=\"wp-image-30520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA4_small2.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA4_small2-640x296.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA4_small2-768x356.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA4_small2-300x139.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Walking behavior, Social Force Model<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To represent emergency movement, we used the <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/user-insights\/calibrating-vissim-for-accurate-simulation-of-pedestrian-crossings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Social Force Model (SFM)<\/strong><\/a> approach available through PTV Viswalk walking behavior parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In plain terms, SFM helps represent how pedestrians move toward a destination, interact with other pedestrians (including crowding effects), and avoid obstacles and edges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A practical issue is that default pedestrian behavior can produce smooth-looking animations but still deliver evacuation times that are hard to defend. For that reason, we treated calibration as a core part of the workflow, not a nice-to-have.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095a612&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095a612\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"599\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA5_small.png\" alt=\"Why calibrate walking behavior\" class=\"wp-image-30508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA5_small.png 638w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA5_small-383x360.png 383w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA5_small-213x200.png 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Calibration makes outputs defensible<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Our goal was not to claim one perfect behavior profile. Instead, we created a small set of \u201cemergency scenario families\u201d that can be explained to stakeholders and used to test design and operational changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-calibration-workflow\"><strong>Calibration workflow<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We used a workflow that is easy to communicate to non-specialists: sample plausible behavior settings, then group them into scenario families representing emergency movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095ac10&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095ac10\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"478\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA6_small.png\" alt=\"PTV Viswalk evacuation workflow\" class=\"wp-image-30510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA6_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA6_small-640x299.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA6_small-768x359.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA6_small-300x140.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">From model setup to sensitivity analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-1-sample-uncertainty-lhs\"><strong>Step 1: Sample uncertainty (LHS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095b15b&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095b15b\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"551\" height=\"667\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA7_small.png\" alt=\"LHS parameter sampling\" class=\"wp-image-30502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA7_small.png 551w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA7_small-297x360.png 297w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA7_small-515x624.png 515w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA7_small-165x200.png 165w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 551px) 100vw, 551px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">LHS creates 200 parameter sets<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We generated 200 walking-behavior parameter sets using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) in Python, then ran 200 simulations and extracted average speed for each run.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To focus on emergency-like conditions, we kept the runs with average speed above 3 km\/h, which our study treated as an evacuation-speed benchmark based on prior literature. From the 200 runs, 34 simulations met that filter and were carried forward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095b65e&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095b65e\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"501\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA8_small.png\" alt=\"Filter runs to emergency speed\" class=\"wp-image-30504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA8_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA8_small-640x313.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA8_small-768x376.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA8_small-300x147.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Select 34 emergency-speed scenarios<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-2-group-scenarios-k-means\"><strong>Step 2: Group scenarios (K-means)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We then applied K-means clustering to the \u201cemergency speed\u201d runs and extracted five clusters, because more than five did not show clear differences in parameter patterns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This step turns many parameter combinations into a manageable set of <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/technologyplus\/scenario-manager-in-vissim-and-viswalk-part-ii-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">scenario families you can test and compare<\/a>, without pretending that one setting is universally correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095bbf3&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095bbf3\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"471\" height=\"482\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA9_small.png\" alt=\"K-means groups scenario families\" class=\"wp-image-30506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA9_small.png 471w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA9_small-352x360.png 352w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA9_small-195x200.png 195w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Group simulation runs into scenario families<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-results\"><strong>Results<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We used the following standard evacuation timing concepts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>ASET (Available Safe Egress Time):<\/strong> time between emergency initiation and conditions becoming unsustainable.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RSET (Required Safe Egress Time):<\/strong> time required for the last occupant to exit the building.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Across the five clustered emergency scenarios, the minimum total evacuation time observed was <strong>8 minutes 7 seconds<\/strong> for 1,000 occupants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To interpret this value, we compared it to an ASET benchmark of 5 minutes, based on reported fire drill surveys for structures with similar geometries. The 5-minute value is best treated as a contextual benchmark, not a universal threshold.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095c337&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095c337\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"164\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA10_small.png\" alt=\"Pedestrian evacuation simulation, ASET vs RSET\" class=\"wp-image-30496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA10_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA10_small-640x103.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA10_small-768x123.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA10_small-300x48.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">ASET benchmark versus modelled RSET<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Even with that caution, the result signals a likely time gap between available conditions and required egress, and that is a strong reason to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptvgroup.com\/en-us\/ptv-viswalk-success-stories-vialis-prorail-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">test interventions<\/a> rather than relying on a single assumed behavior profile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sensitivity\"><strong>Sensitivity<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To make calibration more explainable and repeatable, we ran a sensitivity analysis using partial dependence plots (PDPs) to see how individual parameters relate to average speed while holding others constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095c8dc&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095c8dc\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"358\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA11_small.png\" alt=\"Sensitivity analysis interpretation\" class=\"wp-image-30498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA11_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA11_small-640x224.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA11_small-768x269.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA11_small-300x105.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">How to read sensitivity results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We observed clear influence from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Relaxation time (\u03c4)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lambda (\u03bb)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VD (response to grouped people in counter flow)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095cf29&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095cf29\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1002\" height=\"188\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA12_small.png\" alt=\"PDPs for Tau, Lambda, VD\" class=\"wp-image-30500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA12_small.png 1002w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA12_small-640x120.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA12_small-768x144.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA12_small-300x56.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1002px) 100vw, 1002px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Key parameters affecting evacuation speed: PDPs for Tau, Lambda, VD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Other parameters were influential but showed less obvious trends, and BSocMean did not show an evident correlation in the study runs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> sensitivity results help you recalibrate faster. If simulated movement looks unrealistic, PDPs indicate where to focus first instead of retuning everything blindly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-to-apply\"><strong>How to apply<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are planning evacuation for a similar facility, this sequence is practical and defensible:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Model geometry honestly<\/strong>, include stairs, door widths, obstacles, and constraints that reduce capacity.<br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Treat behavior as uncertain<\/strong>, sample behavior (LHS or equivalent) rather than choosing one profile by intuition.<br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Report a range<\/strong>, decision-makers need best-case to worst-case outcomes, plus assumptions that drive the spread.<br><br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prioritize interventions<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/modeling-planning\/crowd-simulation-metropolitano-madrid\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">test measures such as egress improvements<\/a> and obstacle removal before committing to construction or policy changes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095d5f3&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095d5f3\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"449\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA13_small.png\" alt=\"Apply PTV Viswalk results\" class=\"wp-image-30490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA13_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA13_small-640x281.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA13_small-768x337.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA13_small-300x132.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Turn results into design measures<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Two limitations are worth stating clearly, because they affect how results should be used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, we did not provide detailed bottleneck mapping and risk point identification in this study, although the model framework is flexible enough to extend in that direction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, the ASET comparison uses a benchmark derived from reported drills in similar geometries. It should be adapted to local hazard assumptions, detection times, procedures, and tenability conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6a2225095dbe0&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6a2225095dbe0\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"295\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA14_small.png\" alt=\"Study limitations and next steps\" class=\"wp-image-30492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA14_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA14_small-640x184.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA14_small-768x221.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA14_small-300x86.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Limitations to consider when applying the results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Practitioners should also be explicit about what is included when reporting RSET components, for example whether pre-movement time is included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"537\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA15_small.png\" alt=\"Pedestrian evacuation simulation takeaways\" class=\"wp-image-30494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA15_small.png 1024w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA15_small-640x336.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA15_small-768x403.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/BA15_small-300x157.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Key takeaways for practitioners<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Using PTV Viswalk microsimulation combined with SFM-based walking behavior and calibrated with LHS and K-means provides a defensible way to estimate evacuation performance in <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/user-insights\/pedestrian-simulations-at-oppos-futuristic-shenzhen-tower\/?_gl=1*1eqre5n*_gcl_au*NzEwMzY2NDQzLjE3NzMwNTM3OTc.*_ga*MTc4MTA4MjgyMi4xNzczMDUzNzk3*_ga_D3D2JCS9NL*czE3NzU3MjgxNzMkbzIkZzEkdDE3NzU3Mjg3ODEkajE3JGwwJGgw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dense, multistory facilities<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, modeling does not replace judgment. Pedestrian evacuation simulation can prevent high-stakes decisions based on a single drill or assumed behavior profile. It also provides a structured way to test improvements before investing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column cta-box is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1254\" height=\"836\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-25406\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184.jpg 1254w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-540x360.jpg 540w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-936x624.jpg 936w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1254px) 100vw, 1254px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-80 has-background-dim wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(66,104,249) 28%,rgb(41,224,133) 88%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700\">Plan for safer pedestrian flows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Use simulations to plan trustable emergency egress, evaluate layouts, bottlenecks, and evacuation performance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-14c487f4 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-text-align-center has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ptvgroup.com\/en\/products\/ptv-vissim\/use-cases\/event-traffic-simulation\" style=\"border-radius:8px;color:#6482f6;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Discover now<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\" style=\"min-height:300px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1254\" height=\"836\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-25406\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184.jpg 1254w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-540x360.jpg 540w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-936x624.jpg 936w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1254px) 100vw, 1254px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-80 has-background-dim wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(66,104,249) 28%,rgb(41,224,133) 88%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700\">Traffic simulation for evacuation scenarios<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Plan trustable emergency egress, evaluate layouts, bottlenecks, and evacuation performance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-14c487f4 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-text-align-center has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ptvgroup.com\/en\/application-areas\/traffic-simulation\" style=\"border-radius:4px;color:#6482f6;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Explore Traffic Simulation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"card-text\">High-occupancy buildings need evacuation plans you can defend. We used pedestrian evacuation simulation in PTV Viswalk to estimate total evacuation time for a 1,000-person factory. [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"m-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-outline-secondary btn-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/user-insights\/pedestrian-evacuation-simulation-viswalk-high-occupancy-buildings\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":30135,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8326,8322],"tags":[8404,8377],"ppma_author":[8512],"class_list":["post-30159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-modeling-planning","category-user-insights","tag-accessibility","tag-traffic-simulation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.5 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pedestrian evacuation simulation in PTV Viswalk for emergencies | PTV Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pedestrian evacuation simulation tests egress capacity. 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