{"id":26933,"date":"2025-05-07T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-05-07T06:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/?p=26933"},"modified":"2026-04-07T15:19:14","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T13:19:14","slug":"no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/trend-topics\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\/","title":{"rendered":"No more overbooking: Korea\u2019s rail fleet upgrade with PTV Visum"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-table-of-contents yoast-table-of-contents\"><h2>Table of contents<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"#h-why-it-is-urgent-to-replace-ktx-1-fleet\" data-level=\"2\">Why it is urgent to replace KTX-1 fleet<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-korail-s-digital-traffic-platform-and-visum\" data-level=\"2\">Korail\u2019s Digital Traffic Platform and Visum<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-visum-analysis-of-fleet-requirements\" data-level=\"2\">Visum analysis of fleet requirements<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#h-step-1-time-space-diagram-for-operations-optimization\" data-level=\"3\">Step 1: Time-Space Diagram for Operations Optimization<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-step-2-line-blocking-analysis-for-fleet-size-determination\" data-level=\"3\">Step 2: Line Blocking Analysis for fleet size determination<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-step-3-block-diagram-analysis-for-fleet-scheduling-optimization\" data-level=\"3\">Step 3: Block Diagram Analysis for Fleet Scheduling Optimization<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-results-key-benefits-of-the-projects\" data-level=\"2\">Results: Key benefits of the projects<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h-download-the-public-transport-playbook-for-free\" data-level=\"2\">Download the Public Transport Playbook for free<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the launch of the Korea Train eXpress (KTX) in 2004, South Korea has undergone a transportation revolution. The high-speed rail system has drastically reduced travel times and strengthened regional connectivity, transforming mobility patterns across the country. However, after more than two decades of operation, the first-generation KTX-1 trainsets are approaching the end of their service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Untitled-design-19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Untitled-design-19.png 500w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Untitled-design-19-360x360.png 360w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Untitled-design-19-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Untitled-design-19-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure the continued efficiency and reliability of Korea&#8217;s high-speed rail network, national rail operator Korail is implementing a fleet replacement strategy. This strategy is powered by advanced transportation modeling using PTV Visum for public transportation. This cutting-edge simulation tool enables Korail to optimize train schedules, analyze capacity needs, and support government funding approval through data-driven decision making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By integrating Korail&#8217;s Digital Traffic Platform (DTP) with PTV Visum, Korail has developed a sophisticated analytical framework that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>examines<\/strong> real-time train operations through time-space diagrams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>optimizes<\/strong> rolling stock utilization through block diagram analysisand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>and <strong>determines<\/strong> the exact number of trainsets required through line blocking methodology.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e907f8994ca&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e907f8994ca\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1110\" height=\"581\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Slide-fur-Sagi-auf-Englisch-1-1110x581.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Slide-fur-Sagi-auf-Englisch-1-1110x581.png 1110w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Slide-fur-Sagi-auf-Englisch-1-640x335.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Slide-fur-Sagi-auf-Englisch-1-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Slide-fur-Sagi-auf-Englisch-1-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Slide-fur-Sagi-auf-Englisch-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1110px) 100vw, 1110px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Passenger numbers and occupancy rates for five KTX lines from March 2024 to February 2025. The high occupancy rate suggests a need for more trainsets.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-it-is-urgent-to-replace-ktx-1-fleet\"><strong>Why it is urgent to replace KTX-1 fleet<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The KTX-1 trains currently operate on five major corridors with a total of 43 stations. The trains make 188 daily trips, including the Gyeongbu Line (123 daily trips) and the Honam Line (30 daily trips).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e907f899edf&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e907f899edf\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1110\" height=\"624\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-1110x624.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26936\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-1110x624.png 1110w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-320x180.png 320w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-13.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1110px) 100vw, 1110px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the efficiency of the existing network, passenger demand has outstripped seat availability, resulting in severe overcrowding. Currently, the seat load factor exceeds 112%, meaning that there are more tickets purchased than seats available. As a result, KTX frequently experiences overbooked trains and passenger dissatisfaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To address this issue, Korail has proposed to increase the number of daily services:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&#8211;<\/strong> <strong>Gyeongbu Line:<\/strong> +14 additional daily trips<br><strong>&#8211; Honam Line:<\/strong> +8 additional daily trips<br><strong>&#8211;<\/strong> <strong>Total expanded daily operations:<\/strong> 210 daily trips<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, it is not possible to increase services without additional trainsets as the current fleet cannot support the proposed expansion of operations. To meet future demand, Korail has determined that the fleet size must increase from 46 to 51 trainsets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-korail-s-digital-traffic-platform-and-visum\"><strong>Korail\u2019s Digital Traffic Platform and Visum<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Korail has developed a Digital Traffic Platform (DTP) that integrates network modeling, demand forecasting and fleet management tools. This platform enables<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Modeling<\/strong> of current and future rail demand using data from the Korea Transport Database (KTDB).<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Simulation<\/strong> of train operations using time-space diagrams.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Optimization<\/strong> of fleet utilization and deployment through Block and Line Blocking analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To support fleet replacement decisions, Korail mapped its entire rail network with PTV Visum. This included the integration of existing and future KTX routes, traffic zones based on regional economic activity and population density, and an Origin-Destination (O\/D) matrix for passenger flow analysis.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-visum-analysis-of-fleet-requirements\"><strong>Visum analysis of fleet requirements<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Korail used PTV Visum to conduct a step-by-step analysis of its fleet requirements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-1-time-space-diagram-for-operations-optimization\"><strong>Step 1: Time-Space Diagram for Operations Optimization<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first step in the analysis process was to develop time-space diagrams that show train movements over time and across different corridors. This helps identify congestion points, optimize train intervals, balance passenger demand between peak and off-peak hours, and assess potential bottlenecks that could impact future service expansion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By analyzing train operations from departure to arrival, Korail was able to determine the optimal scheduling adjustments needed to improve service efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e907f89ac61&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e907f89ac61\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1125\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26938\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14.png 2000w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14-640x360.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14-1110x624.png 1110w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14-320x180.png 320w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Untitled-design-14-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A visualization of the timetable of KTX\u2019s Gyeongbu Line<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-2-line-blocking-analysis-for-fleet-size-determination\"><strong>Step 2: Line Blocking Analysis for fleet size determination<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The next step in the mvling process was Line Blocking Analysis that allowed Korail to optimize the number of trainsets required for the expanded service plan. It was done by grouping train operations into blocks to minimize empty runs, balancing train rotation schedules across lines, and improving the efficiency of depot layovers and train maintenance scheduling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By using graph theory to optimize trainset allocation, Korail validated that 51 trainsets were needed to support the increased service frequency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-step-3-block-diagram-analysis-for-fleet-scheduling-optimization\"><strong>Step 3: Block Diagram Analysis for Fleet Scheduling Optimization<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>After analyzing Line Blocking, Korail performed a block diagram analysis, a critical step in optimizing fleet utilization. This allowed for more efficient assignment of trainsets to service blocks, minimization of idle time to maximize operational efficiency, and improved train scheduling strategies based on passenger demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through simulated scheduling scenarios, Korail confirmed that an increase from 46 to 51 trainsets was necessary for sustained operational efficiency and reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e907f89b635&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e907f89b635\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"555\" height=\"466\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K5-1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K5-1-1.png 555w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K5-1-1-429x360.png 429w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K5-1-1-238x200.png 238w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An illustration of a train&#8217;s route change through line blocking to determine the optimal number of trainsets. Colors indicate up and down directions of the express rail line.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-results-key-benefits-of-the-projects\"><strong>Results: Key benefits of the projects<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With the support of PTV Visum, Korail is now on track to replace the KTX-1 fleet. This will increase daily seat capacity by 11.8%, reduce overcrowding and improve service reliability through higher train frequencies and improved scheduling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, optimized fleet deployment using time-space and block diagram analysis, along with line blocking techniques, will improve rail infrastructure efficiency and reduce operating costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Korail has also integrated cloud visualizations from PTV, that dynamically simulate rail operations. These visualizations provide an intuitive representation of rail network flows, train trajectories and real-time scheduling. They enable planners to visualize train movements across the network, providing critical insight into system-wide performance and efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By integrating Korail&#8217;s Digital Traffic Platform (DTP), PTV Visum and PTV\u2019s cloud visualizations, Korail has developed a robust methodology. It ensures accurate forecasting, optimal fleet allocation and efficient scheduling for the future of Korea&#8217;s high-speed rail network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e907f89c1b4&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e907f89c1b4\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1110\" height=\"599\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K6-1-1110x599.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-26945\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K6-1-1110x599.png 1110w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K6-1-640x345.png 640w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K6-1-768x414.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K6-1-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/K6-1.png 1399w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1110px) 100vw, 1110px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The diagram&#8217;s left side represents the metropolitan railway network, while the right side depicts the nationwide railway network, with each entity operating along its designated route.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column cta-box is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1254\" height=\"836\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-25406\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184.jpg 1254w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-540x360.jpg 540w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-936x624.jpg 936w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/iStock-1312502184-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1254px) 100vw, 1254px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-80 has-background-dim wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-gradient\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(66,104,249) 28%,rgb(41,224,133) 88%)\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:24px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700\"><strong>Public Transport Playbook<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Download the Public Transport Playbook for free and find out what you can do to make your public transport more attractive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-14c487f4 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-text-align-center has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/trend-topics\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\/#h-download-the-public-transport-playbook-for-free\" style=\"border-radius:8px;color:#6482f6;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">Start free trial<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-download-the-public-transport-playbook-for-free\">Download the Public Transport Playbook for free<\/h2>\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"card-text\">With an aging high-speed fleet and rising demand, South Korea\u2019s rail operator needed to assess how many new trains it needs. Using PTV Visum for data-driven modeling, it found the answers. [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"m-0\"><a class=\"btn btn-outline-secondary btn-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/trend-topics\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":110,"featured_media":26948,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8324],"tags":[8380,8388,8387],"ppma_author":[8294],"class_list":["post-26933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-trend-topics","tag-public-transport","tag-sustainable-transport","tag-transportation-modeling"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.0 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Strategic modelling of rail fleet replacement | PTV Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how South Korea\u2019s rail operator Korail used PTV Visum to model operations and decide how to replace its high-speed fleet.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/trend-topics\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"No more overbooking: Korea\u2019s rail fleet upgrade with PTV Visum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover how South Korea\u2019s rail operator Korail used PTV Visum to model operations and decide how to replace its high-speed fleet.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/en\/trend-topics\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PTV Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/PTVGroupGlobal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-05-07T06:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-07T13:19:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blog.ptvgroup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Copy-of-Copy-of-Blog-Header-AI-9.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1025\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"577\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Guest author Prof.Dr.-Ing. Seonha Lee\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Guest author Prof.Dr.-Ing. Seonha Lee\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blog.ptvgroup.com\\\/en\\\/trend-topics\\\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blog.ptvgroup.com\\\/en\\\/trend-topics\\\/no-more-overbooking-koreas-rail-fleet-upgrade-with-ptv-visum\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Guest author Prof.Dr.-Ing. 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